Audit modelReference control objectives and controls - ISO 27 001
1. Information security policies
1. Management direction for information security
A set of policies for information security shall be defined, approved by management, published and communicated to employees and relevant external parties.
The policies for information security shall be reviewed at planned intervals or if significant changes occur to ensure their continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness.
2. Organization of information security
1. Internal organization
All information security responsibilities shall be defined and allocated
Conflicting duties and areas of responsibility shall be segregated to reduce opportunities for unauthorized or unintentional modification or misuse of the organization’s assets.
Appropriate contacts with relevant authorities shall be maintained.
Appropriate contacts with special interest groups or other special ist security forums and professional associations shall be maintained
Information security shall be addressed in project management, regardless of the type of the project.
2. Mobile devices and teleworking
A policy and supporting security measures shall be adopted to manage the risks introduced by using mobile devices.
A policy and supporting security measures shall be implemented to protect information accessed, processed or stored at teleworking sites.
3. Human resource security
1. Prior to employment
Background verification checks on all candidates for employment shall be carried out in accordance with relevant laws, regulations and ethics and shall be proportional to the business requirements, the classification of the information to be accessed and the perceived risks.
The contractual agreements with employees and contractors shall state their and the organization’s responsibilities for information security.
2. During employment
Management shall require all employees and contractors to apply information security in accordance with the established policies and procedures of the organization.
All employees of the organization and, where relevant, contractors shall receive appropriate awareness education and training and regular updates in organizational policies and procedures, as relevant for their job function.
There shall be a formal and communicated disciplinary process in place to take action against employees who have committed an information security breach.
3. Termination and change of employment
Information security responsibilities and duties that remain valid after termination or change of employment shall be defined, communicated to the employee or contractor and enforced.
4. Asset management
1. Responsibility for assets
Assets associated with information and information processing facilities shall be identified and an inventory of these assets shall be drawn up and maintained.
Assets maintained in the inventory shall be owned.
Rules for the acceptable use of information and of assets associated with information and information processing facilities shall be identified, documented and implemented.
All employees and external party users shall return all of the organizational assets in their possession upon termination of their employment, contract or agreement.
2. Information classification
Information shall be classified in terms of legal requirements, value, criticality and sensitivity to unauthorised disclosure or modification.
An appropriate set of procedures for information labelling shall be developed and implemented in accordance with the information classification scheme adopted by the organization.
3. Media handling
Procedures shall be implemented for the management of removable media in accordance with the classification scheme adopted by the organization.
Media shall be disposed of securely when no longer required, using formal procedures.
Media containing information shall be protected against unauthorized access, misuse or corruption during transportation.
5. Access control
1. Business requirements of access control
An access control policy shall be established, documented and reviewed based on business and information security requirements.
Users shall only be provided with access to the network and network services that they have been specifically authorized to use.
2. User access management
A formal user registration and de-registration process shall be implemented to enable assignment of access rights.
A formal user access provisioning process shall be implemented to assign or revoke access rights for all user types to all systems and services.
The allocation of secret authentication information shall be con trolled through a formal management process.
Asset owners shall review users’ access rights at regular intervals
The access rights of all employees and external party users to information and information processing facilities shall be removed upon termination of their employment, contract or agreement, or adjusted upon change.
3. User responsibilities
Users shall be required to follow the organization’s practices in the use of secret authentication information.
4. System and application access control
Access to information and application system functions shall be restricted in accordance with the access control policy.
Where required by the access control policy, access to systems and applications shall be controlled by a secure log-on procedure.
Password management systems shall be interactive and shall ensure quality passwords.
The use of utility programs that might be capable of overriding system and application controls shall be restricted and tightly controlled.
Access to program source code shall be restricted.
6. Cryptography
1. Cryptographic controls
A policy on the use of cryptographic controls for protection of information shall be developed and implemented.
A policy on the use, protection and lifetime of cryptographic keys shall be developed and implemented through their whole lifecycle.
7. Physical and environmental security
1. Secure areas
Security perimeters shall be defined and used to protect areas that contain either sensitive or critical information and information processing facilities.
Secure areas shall be protected by appropriate entry controls to ensure that only authorized personnel are allowed access.
Physical security for offices, rooms and facilities shall be designed and applied.
Physical protection against natural disasters, malicious attack or accidents shall be designed and applied.
Procedures for working in secure areas shall be designed and applied.
Access points such as delivery and loading areas and other points where unauthorized persons could enter the premises shall be controlled and, if possible, isolated from information processing facilities to avoid unauthorized access.
8. Equipment
1. Equipment
Equipment shall be sited and protected to reduce the risks from environmental threats and hazards, and opportunities for unauthorized access.
Equipment shall be protected from power failures and other disruptions caused by failures in supporting utilities.
Power and telecommunications cabling carrying data or supporting information services shall be protected from interception, interference or damage.
Equipment shall be correctly maintained to ensure its continued availability and integrity.
Equipment, information or software shall not be taken off-site without prior authorization.
Security shall be applied to off-site assets taking into account the different risks of working outside the organization’s premises.
All items of equipment containing storage media shall be verified to ensure that any sensitive data and licensed software has been removed or securely overwritten prior to disposal or re-use.
Users shall ensure that unattended equipment has appropriate protection.
A clear desk policy for papers and removable storage media and a clear screen policy for information processing facilities shall be adopted.
9. Operations security
1. Operational procedures and responsibilities
Operating procedures shall be documented and made available to all users who need them.
Changes to the organization, business processes, information processing facilities and systems that affect information security shall be controlled.
The use of resources shall be monitored, tuned and projections made of future capacity requirements to ensure the required system performance.
Development, testing, and operational environments shall be sepa rated to reduce the risks of unauthorized access or changes to the operational environment.
2. Protection from malware
Detection, prevention and recovery controls to protect against malware shall be implemented, combined with appropriate user awareness.
3. Backup
Backup copies of information, software and system images shall be taken and tested regularly in accordance with an agreed backup policy.
4. Logging and monitoring
Event logs recording user activities, exceptions, faults and information security events shall be produced, kept and regularly reviewed.
Logging facilities and log information shall be protected against tampering and unauthorized access.
System administrator and system operator activities shall be logged and the logs protected and regularly reviewed.
The clocks of all relevant information processing systems within an organization or security domain shall be synchronised to a single reference time source.
5. Control of operational software
Procedures shall be implemented to control the installation of software on operational systems.
6. Technical vulnerability management
Information about technical vulnerabilities of information systems being used shall be obtained in a timely fashion, the organization’s exposure to such vulnerabilities evaluated and appropriate measures taken to address the associated risk.
Rules governing the installation of software by users shall be established and implemented.
7. Information systems audit considerations
Audit requirements and activities involving verification of operational systems shall be carefully planned and agreed to minimise disruptions to business processes.
10. Communications security
1. Network security management
Networks shall be managed and controlled to protect information in systems and applications.
Security mechanisms, service levels and management require ments of all network services shall be identified and included in network services agreements, whether these services are provided in-house or outsourced.
Groups of information services, users and information systems shall be segregated on networks.
2. Information transfer
Formal transfer policies, procedures and controls shall be in place to protect the transfer of information through the use of all types of communication facilities.
Agreements shall address the secure transfer of business information between the organization and external parties.
Information involved in electronic messaging shall be appropriately protected.
Requirements for confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements reflecting the organization’s needs for the protection of information shall be identified, regularly reviewed and documented.
11. System acquisition, development and maintenance
1. Security requirements of information systems
The information security related requirements shall be included in the requirements for new information systems or enhancements to existing information systems.
Information involved in application services passing over public networks shall be protected from fraudulent activity, contract dis pute and unauthorized disclosure and modification.
Information involved in application service transactions shall be protected to prevent incomplete transmission, mis-routing, unau thorized message alteration, unauthorized disclosure, unauthorized message duplication or replay.
2. Security in development and support processes
Rules for the development of software and systems shall be established and applied to developments within the organization.
Changes to systems within the development lifecycle shall be controlled by the use of formal change control procedures.
When operating platforms are changed, business critical applications shall be reviewed and tested to ensure there is no adverse impact on organizational operations or security.
Modifications to software packages shall be discouraged, limited to necessary changes and all changes shall be strictly controlled
Principles for engineering secure systems shall be established, documented, maintained and applied to any information system implementation efforts.
Organizations shall establish and appropriately protect secure development environments for system development and integra tion efforts that cover the entire system development lifecycle.
The organization shall supervise and monitor the activity of outsourced system development.
Testing of security functionality shall be carried out during development.
Acceptance testing programs and related criteria shall be estab lished for new information systems, upgrades and new versions.
3. Test data
Test data shall be selected carefully, protected and controlled.
12. Supplier relationships
1. Information security in supplier relationships
Information security requirements for mitigating the risks associated with supplier’s access to the organization’s assets shall be agreed with the supplier and documented.
All relevant information security requirements shall be established and agreed with each supplier that may access, process, store, communicate, or provide IT infrastructure components for, the organization’s information.
Agreements with suppliers shall include requirements to address the information security risks associated with information and communications technology services and product supply chain.
2. Supplier service delivery management
Organizations shall regularly monitor, review and audit supplier service delivery.
Changes to the provision of services by suppliers, including maintaining and improving existing information security policies, procedures and controls, shall be managed, taking account of the criticality of business information, systems and processes involved and re-assessment of risks.
13. Information security incident management
1. Management of information security incidents and improvements
Management responsibilities and procedures shall be established to ensure a quick, effective and orderly response to information security incidents.
Information security events shall be reported through appropriate management channels as quickly as possible.
Employees and contractors using the organization’s information systems and services shall be required to note and report any observed or suspected information security weaknesses in systems or services.
Information security events shall be assessed and it shall be decided if they are to be classified as information security incidents.
Information security incidents shall be responded to in accordance with the documented procedures.
Knowledge gained from analysing and resolving information security incidents shall be used to reduce the likelihood or impact of future incidents.
The organization shall define and apply procedures for the identification, collection, acquisition and preservation of information, which can serve as evidence.
14. Information security aspects of business continuity management
1. Information security continuity
The organization shall determine its requirements for information security and the continuity of information security management in adverse situations, e.g. during a crisis or disaster.
The organization shall establish, document, implement and maintain processes, procedures and controls to ensure the required level of continuity for information security during an adverse situation.
The organization shall verify the established and implemented information security continuity controls at regular intervals in order to ensure that they are valid and effective during adverse situations.
2. Redundancies
Information processing facilities shall be implemented with redundancy sufficient to meet availability requirements.
15. Compliance
1. Compliance with legal and contractual requirements
All relevant legislative statutory, regulatory, contractual require ments and the organization’s approach to meet these requirements shall be explicitly identified, documented and kept up to date for each information system and the organization.
Appropriate procedures shall be implemented to ensure compliance with legislative, regulatory and contractual requirements related to intellectual property rights and use of proprietary soft ware products.
Records shall be protected from loss, destruction, falsification, unauthorized access and unauthorized release, in accordance with legislatory, regulatory, contractual and business requirements.
Privacy and protection of personally identifiable information shall be ensured as required in relevant legislation and regulation where applicable.
Cryptographic controls shall be used in compliance with all relevant agreements, legislation and regulations.
2. Information security reviews
The organization’s approach to managing information security and its implementation (i.e. control objectives, controls, policies, processes and procedures for information security) shall be reviewed independently at planned intervals or when significant changes occur.
Managers shall regularly review the compliance of information processing and procedures within their area of responsibility with the appropriate security policies, standards and any other security requirements.
Information systems shall be regularly reviewed for compliance with the organization’s information security policies and standards.
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